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Ernest Barker (1874–1960) (1911). In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Index (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press. La Monte, John L. (1932). Feudal monarchy in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100 to 1291. Monographs of the Medieval academy of America,no. 4. The Medieval academy of America, Cambridge, MA. Lewis, Kevin James (2017). The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-5890-2. Painter, Sidney (1977). " The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus.". In Setton, K. A History of the Crusades: Volume II. pp. 45–86.
Immediately after Urban's proclamation, the French priest Peter the Hermit led thousands of mostly poor Christians out of Europe in what became known as the People's Crusade. [16] In transit through Germany, these Crusaders spawned German bands who massacred Jewish communities in what became known as the Rhineland massacres. [17] They were destroyed in 1096 when the main body of Crusaders was annihilated at the battle of Civetot. [18] Primary sources. The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarized in the list of sources for the Crusades. [234] For the First Crusade, this includes the original Latin chronicles, including the Gesta Francorum, works by Albert of Aachen and Fulcher of Chartres, The Alexiad by Byzantine princess Anna Komnene, the Complete Work of History by Muslim historian Ali ibn al-Athir, and the Chronicle of Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC) and Crusade Texts in Translation. The work of William of Tyre, Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum, and its continuations by later historians complete the foundational work of the traditional Crusade. [235] Some of these works also provide insight into the later Crusades and Crusader states. Other works include: Mayer, Hans Eberhard. " The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem: English Impact on the East". Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Volume 39 (1985), pp. 139–147. Asbridge, Thomas (2000). The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85115-661-3.
How to Use the Jerusalem Cross
Murray, Alan V. (2006). "Baldwin I of Jerusalem (d. 1118)". In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 132–133. BNF Français 22495, fol. 78; the same ms. also has the Jerusalem cross in a silver field ( fol. 36) and in a blue field ( fol. 115). The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states–the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. Thessaloniki fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. Achaea and Athens survived under the French after the Treaty of Viterbo. [201] The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War in the 18th century. This period of Greek history is known as the Frankokratia or Latinokratia ("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled Orthodox Byzantine Greeks. [202] Nicholson, Helen (2006). "Third Crusade (1189–1192)". In The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. pp. 1174–1181. Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821925-5.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). "The Crusading Movement and Historians". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades. Oxford University Press. pp.1–12. ISBN 978-0-19-285428-5. A simple blazon of or, a cross argent is documented by Matthew Paris as the arms of John de Brienne, who had been king of Jerusalem during 1210–1212, upon John's death in 1237. In contrast to architecture and sculpture, it is in the area of visual culture that the assimilated nature of the society was demonstrated. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries the influence of indigenous artists was demonstrated in the decoration of shrines, paintings and the production of illuminated manuscripts. Frankish practitioners borrowed methods from the Byzantines and indigenous artists and iconographical practice leading to a cultural synthesis, illustrated by the Church of the Nativity. Wall mosaics were unknown in the west but in widespread use in the crusader states. Whether this was by indigenous craftsmen or learnt by Frankish ones is unknown, but a distinctive original artistic style evolved. [221]Today, perhaps the most popular use of the five-fold cross can be seen on the national flag of Georgia that was adapted from the hi
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